Things to learn about Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism and the 19th Century (Packet 5 of 12)

1. Napoleon Bonaparte

Nicknamed “The Little Corporal”, he stepped into the void created when France decided to decapitate their king and queen. Originally seen as a republican leader, he later seized power and had himself declared emperor. Beethoven’s Eroica was originally dedicated to him, but Beethoven changed his mind with the power grab. His life is largely associated with three islands.

Corsica – where he was born
Elba – where he was exiled in 1814
St. Helena – where he was exiled a second time and died

After coming to power, he started a campaign to conquer Europe, which he continued after his exile, eventually suffering his final loss at the Battle of Waterloo.

2. Josephine

The great love of Napoleon’s life, she was married to him from 1796-1810. It was her second marriage, as her first husband was introduced to the guillotine during the French Revolution. They had a great love affair and were married from 1796-1810, but he eventually divorced her so that he could attempt have an heir, as she couldn’t have any more children.

3. Napoleonic Code

Instituted in 1804, it attempted to step out of the oft-conflicting and confusing feudal laws and into the modern era by constructing a clearly written and accessible law. To that end, it is one of the most successful endeavors in history, as it not only simplified French law, but became the model for most modern law in Europe and the world. It was based more off of Justinian Code which divided the law into laws of persons, things and actions. This one instead called them:  persons, property and acquisition of property.


4. Waterloo

Fought on Sunday, June 18, 1815 in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: an Anglo-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstatt. It marked the end of Napoleon’s second reign as French emperor, and it has come to mean by extension any crushing defeat.

5. Duke of Wellington

Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley (1 May 1769 – 14 September 1852), an Anglo-Irish soldier and statesman, and one of the leading military and political figures of 19th-century Britain. His defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 put him in the top rank of Britain's military heroes. He is quoted as having said, “The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton,” referencing the boarding school he attended. This seems unlikely as he wasn’t much of a sportsman while there, but the quote persists.

6. Bourbon Restoration
The period of French history following the fall of Napoleon in 1814 until the July Revolution of 1830. The brothers of executed Louis XVI of France reigned in highly conservative fashion, and the exiles returned.

7. Klemens von Metternich

Austrian politician and diplomat, suppressed nationalistic and democratic trends in Central Europe but was also the architect of a diplomatic system which kept Europe at peace for a century. He remains a controversial figure. Many late 19th-century Europeans detested him as a foe of freedom and an obstructionist who tried to prevent the unification of the powerful nations of Germany and Italy. Yet Europeans in the late 20th century, recovering from the disasters of World War I and II, tend to see him as a perceptive visionary whose diplomatic ideas kept Europe at peace between 1815 and 1914. In this time period, Europe became the dominant economic and military power in the world.

8. Congress of Vienna

Convened in 1815 by the four European powers which had defeated Napoleon. The first goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe which would prevent imperialism within Europe, such as the Napoleonic empire, and maintain the peace between the great powers.    It was chaired by Austrian diplomat Klemens von Metternich. The objective was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. The goal was not simply to restore old boundaries but to resize the main powers so they could balance each other off and remain at peace. The leaders were conservatives with little use for republicanism or revolution, both of which threatened to upset the status quo in Europe. France lost all its recent conquests, while Prussia, Austria and Russia made major territorial gains.

9. July Revolution

Saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans. It marked the shift from one constitutional monarchy, the Bourbon Restoration, to another, the July Monarchy; the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to its cadet branch, the House of Orléans; and the replacement of the principle of hereditary right by popular sovereignty. Supporters of the Bourbon would be called Legitimists, and supporters of Louis Philippe Orléanists. The painting Liberty Leading the People by Eugene Delacroix was an allegorical representation of this revolution.

10. June Rebellion

The Paris Uprising of 1832 is a relatively minor moment in French history and seen as the last follow up to the July Revolution. Basically, rebels took over parts of the city for one night before the rebellion was squashed. It would be completely forgotten, likely, if it had not been immortalized in Victor Hugo’s novel Les Miserables, where it is a central part of the second half of the book.

11. Louis Philippe I

King of the French from 1830 to 1848 as the leader of the Orléanist party. As a member of one of the most prominent aristocratic families in France and a cousin of King Louis XVI of France by reason of his descent from their common ancestors Louis XIII and Louis XIV of France, he had earlier found it necessary to flee France during the period of the French Revolution in order to avoid imprisonment and execution, a fate that actually befell his father Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. He spent 21 years in exile after he left France in 1793. He was proclaimed king in 1830 after his cousin Charles X was forced to abdicate in the wake of the events of the July Revolution of that year. His government, known as the July Monarchy, was dominated by members of a wealthy French elite and numerous former Napoleonic officials. He followed conservative policies. He also promoted friendship with Britain and sponsored colonial expansion, notably the conquest of Algeria. His popularity faded as economic conditions in France deteriorated in 1847, and he was forced to abdicate after the outbreak of the French Revolution of 1848. He lived out his life in exile in Great Britain.

12. French Revolution of 1848

Sometimes known as the February Revolution, was one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe. In France the revolutionary events ended the Orleans monarchy (1830–48) and led to the creation of the French Second Republic.

Following the overthrow of King Louis Philippe in February, the elected government of the Second Republic ruled France. In the months that followed, this government steered a course that became more conservative. On June 23, 1848, the people of Paris rose in insurrection, which became known as June Days Uprising – a bloody but unsuccessful rebellion by the Paris workers against a conservative turn in the Republic's course. On 2 December 1848, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected President of the Second Republic, largely on peasant support. Exactly four years later he suspended the elected assembly, establishing the Second French Empire, which lasted until 1870. Louis Napoléon would go on to become the de facto last French monarch.

13. Realism

An artistic movement that began in France in the 1850s, after the 1848 Revolution. They rejected Romanticism, which had dominated French literature and art since the late 18th century. They revolted against the exotic subject matter and exaggerated emotionalism and drama of the Romantic movement. Instead it sought to portray real and typical contemporary people and situations with truth and accuracy, and not avoiding unpleasant or sordid aspects of life. Often associated with Naturalism in Literature.

14. Gustave Courbet

A French painter who led the Realist movement in 19th-century French painting. Committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected academic convention and the Romanticism of the previous generation of visual artists. His most famous works include The Stone Breakers, Peasants of Flagey and A Burial at Ornans.

15. The Stone Breakers

An 1849–50 painting by the French painter Gustave Courbet. It was a work of social realism, depicting two peasants, a young man and an old man, breaking rocks.bThe painting was first exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1850. It was destroyed during World War II, along with 154 other pictures, when a transport vehicle moving the pictures to the castle of Königstein, near Dresden, was bombed by Allied forces in February 1945.

16. Edouard Manet
He was one of the first 19th-century artists to paint modern life, and a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism. Born into an upper-class household with strong political connections, he rejected the future originally envisioned for him, and became engrossed in the world of painting. His early masterworks, The Luncheon on the Grass and Olympia, both 1863, caused great controversy and served as rallying points for the young painters who would create Impressionism. Today, these are considered watershed paintings that mark the genesis of modern art.

17. Luncheon on the Grass

A large oil on canvas painting by Édouard Manet created in 1862 and 1863. It depicts a female nude and a scantily dressed female bather on a picnic with two fully dressed men in a rural setting. Rejected by the Salon jury of 1863, Manet seized the opportunity to exhibit this and two other paintings in the 1863 Salon des Refusés, where the painting sparked public notoriety and controversy. The controversy stemmed not from the nudes (one partially so) in the painting, but the fact that the nudes were in the company of contemporarily dressed men. Thus, the women were not goddesses, and instead were models or even prostitutes. The piece is now in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris.

18. James Whistler
An American artist, active during the American Gilded Age and based primarily in the United Kingdom. He was averse to sentimentality and moral allusion in painting, and was a leading proponent of the credo "art for art's sake". His famous signature for his paintings was in the shape of a stylized butterfly possessing a long stinger for a tail. He entitled many of his paintings "arrangements", "harmonies", and "nocturnes", seeing them almost as musical art. His most famous painting is Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1 (1871), which is usually referred to as the artist’s mother. His second most famous work was entitled: Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket (1874).

19. Ashcan School

An artistic movement in the United States during the early twentieth century that is best known for works portraying scenes of daily life in New York, often in the city's poorer neighborhoods, and is seen as part of the greater realist movement. The most famous artists working in this style included Robert Henri (1865–1929), George Luks (1867–1933), William Glackens (1870–1938), John Sloan (1871–1951), and Everett Shinn (1876–1953), some of whom had met studying together under the renowned realist Thomas Anshutz at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and others of whom met in the newspaper offices of Philadelphia where they worked as illustrators.

20. Daguerreotype

The first publicly announced photographic process, and for nearly twenty years, it was the one most commonly used. Invented by Louis-Jaques-Mandé Daguerre and introduced worldwide in 1839, it was almost completely superseded by 1860 with new, less expensive processes yielding more readily viewable images. Photography in general had a huge affect on art, as the realism period gave way to impressionism, as photography allowed anyone to get a realistic image of something.

21. Naturalism

It began as a branch of literary realism, and realism had favored fact, logic, and the impersonal over the imaginative, symbolic, and supernatural. Founded by Emile Zola, many of its members got their start as journalists, like Theodore Dreiser, who wrote The American Tragedy and Sister Carrie, Stephen Crane, who wrote The Red Badge of Courage, and Frank Norris, who wrote the muckraking work The Octopus: A Story of California. Perhaps the most famous member of this movement was British realist Thomas Hardy, known for his detail in his novels Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Return of the Native (1878), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895).

22. Emile Zola

A French novelist, playwright, journalist, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism. He was a major figure in the political liberalization of France and in the exoneration of the falsely accused and convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus, which is encapsulated in the renowned newspaper headline J’accuse. Zola was nominated for the first and second Nobel Prize in Literature in 1901 and 1902.

23. J’accuse

An open letter published on Jan. 13 1898 in the newspaper L'Aurore by the influential writer Émile Zola. In the letter, Zola addressed President of France Félix Faure and accused the government of anti-Semitism and the unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, a French Army General Staff officer who was sentenced to jail for life for espionage. Zola pointed out judicial errors and lack of serious evidence. The letter was printed on the front page of the newspaper and caused a stir in France and abroad. Zola was found guilty of libel on Feb. 24, 1898. To avoid imprisonment, he fled to England, returning home in June 1899. As a result of the popularity of the letter, it has become a common generic expression of outrage and accusation against someone powerful.

24. The Dreyfus Affair

A political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. The affair is often seen as a modern and universal symbol of injustice, and it remains one of the most striking examples of a complex miscarriage of justice. The major role played by the press and public opinion proved influential in the lasting social conflict. The scandal began in December 1894, with the treason conviction of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a young French artillery officer of Alsatian and Jewish descent. Sentenced to life imprisonment for allegedly communicating French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris, Dreyfus was imprisoned on Devil's Island in French Guiana, where he spent nearly five years. Evidence came to light in 1896 that a French Army major named Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy as the real
 culprit. After high-ranking military officials suppressed the new evidence, a military court unanimously acquitted Esterhazy after a trial lasting only two days. The Army then accused Dreyfus of additional charges based on falsified documents. Word of the military court's framing of Dreyfus and of an attempted cover-up began to spread, chiefly owing to J'accuse, a vehement open letter published in a Paris newspaper in January 1898 by famed writer Émile Zola. Activists put pressure on the government to reopen the case. In 1899, Dreyfus was returned to France for another trial. The intense political and judicial scandal that ensued divided French society. Eventually all the accusations against Dreyfus were demonstrated to be baseless. In 1906 Dreyfus was exonerated and reinstated as a major in the French Army. He served during the whole of World War I, ending his service with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He died in 1935.

25. Impressionism

A 19th-century art movement that followed realism and somewhat addressed the purpose of art in a post photography world. It was  characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles. Impressionism originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s. They faced harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France. The name of the style derives from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression: soleil levant (Impression: Sunrise), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satirical review published in the Parisian newspaper Le Charivari.

26. Claude Monet

A founder of French Impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature. The term "Impressionism" is derived from the title of his painting Impression: soleil levant (Impression: Sunrise), which was exhibited in 1874 in the first of the independent exhibitions mounted by Monet and his associates as an alternative to the Salon de Paris. His ambition of documenting the French countryside led him to adopt a method of painting the same scene many times in order to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons. From 1883, he lived in Giverny, where he purchased a house and property, and began a vast landscaping project which included lily ponds that would become the subjects of his best-known works – Water Lilies. He is also known for painting Haystacks, and his painting of the San Lazare train station is in the AP Art History 250.

27. Impression: Sunrise

A painting by Claude Monet. Shown at what would later be known as the "Exhibition of the Impressionists" in April 1874, the painting is attributed to giving rise to the name of the Impressionist movement. It depicts the port of Le Havre, Monet's hometown, and is his most famous painting of the harbor. Monet claimed that he titled the painting that due to his hazy painting style in his depiction of the subject: "They asked me for a title for the catalogue, it couldn't really be taken for a view of Le Havre, and I said: 'Put Impression.'" In addition to this explanation for the title of the work, Monet might have named the painting that to excuse his painting from accusations of being unfinished or lacking descriptive detail, but Monet received these criticisms regardless of the title.

28. Water Lilies

A series of approximately 250 oil paintings by French Impressionist Claude Monet (1840–1926). The paintings depict Monet's flower garden at his home in Giverny, and were the main focus of Monet's artistic production during the last thirty years of his life. Many of the works were painted while Monet suffered from cataracts. At least three of the paintings from this series have sold for more than $23 million, with the highest selling for $53 million in 2010.

29. Pierre-Auguste Renoir

An innovative artist, he was born on February 25, 1841, in Limoges, France. He started out as an apprentice to a porcelain painter and studied drawing in his free time. After years as a struggling painter, he helped launch an artistic movement called Impressionism in 1870s. He eventually became one of the most highly regarded artists of his time. He died in Cagnes-sur-Mer, France, in 1919. His Luncheon of the Boating Party is one of the most important paintings of the Impressionist movement.

30. Luncheon of the Boating Party

A painting by French impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Included in the Seventh Impressionist Exhibition in 1882, it was identified as the best painting in the show by three critics. The painting captures an idyllic atmosphere as Renoir's friends share food, wine, and conversation on a balcony overlooking the Seine at the Maison Fournaise restaurant in Chatou. Parisians flocked to the Maison Fournaise to rent rowing skiffs, eat a good meal, or stay the night. The painting also reflects the changing character of French society in the mid- to late 19th century. The restaurant welcomed customers of many classes, including businessmen, society women, artists, actresses, writers, critics, seamstresses, and shop girls. This diverse group embodied a new, modern Parisian society.

31. Edgar Degas

Born on July 19, 1834, in Paris, France, he went on to study at the École des Beaux-Arts (formerly the Académie des Beaux-Arts) in Paris and became renowned as a stellar portraitist, fusing Impressionistic sensibilities with traditional approaches. Both a painter and sculptor, he enjoyed capturing female dancers and played with unusual angles and ideas around centering. His work influenced several major modern artists, including Pablo Picasso. He died in Paris in 1917. He is most known for painting ballerinas and a series on horse racing.

32. The Dance Class

This 1874 work and its variant in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris, represent the most ambitious paintings Edgar Degas devoted to the theme of the dance. Some twenty-four women, ballerinas and their mothers, wait while a dancer executes an "attitude" for her examination. Jules Perrot, a famous ballet master, conducts the class. The imaginary scene is set in a rehearsal room in the old Paris Opéra, which had recently burned to the ground. On the wall beside the mirror, a poster for Rossini’s Guillaume Tell pays tribute to the singer Jean-Baptiste Faure, who commissioned the picture and lent it to the 1876 Impressionist exhibition. It is currently at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, where it is displayed.

33. Mary Cassatt

Born on May 22, 1844, in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, she was one of the leading artists in the Impressionist movement of the later part of the 1800s. Moving to Paris, her home for the rest of her life, she was befriended by Edgar Degas. After 1910, her increasingly poor eyesight virtually put an end to her serious painting, and she died in 1926.  She often created images of the social and private lives of women, with particular emphasis on the intimate bonds between mothers and children, including The Boating Party, not to be confused with Renoir’s Luncheon of the Boating Party, and The Child’s Bath.

34. Camille Pissarro

He was born on July 10, 1830, on the island of St. Thomas. Relocating to Paris as a young man, he began experimenting with art, eventually helping to shape the Impressionist movement with friends including Claude Monet and Edgar Degas. He was also active in Postimpressionist circles, continuing to paint until his death in Paris on November 13, 1903. While he was central to organizing many of the early Impressionist shows, his work was never as famous as his contemporaries.

35. The Five (The Russian Five)

Five prominent, 19th-century Russian composers who worked together to create a distinctly Russian classical music. Mily Balakirev (the leader), César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Alexander Borodin all lived in Saint Petersburg, and collaborated from 1856 to 1870. They are also known as The Mighty Handful, which has gained popularity to avoid confusion with the Russian Five, a group of hockey players.

36. Flight of the Bumblebee

An orchestral interlude written by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov for his opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan, composed in 1899-1900. The piece closes Act III, Tableau 1, during which the magic Swan-Bird changes Prince Gvidon Saltanovich (the Tsar’s son) into an insect so that he can fly away to visit his father (who does not know that he is alive). Although in the opera the Swan-Bird sings during the first part of the “Flight”, her vocal line is melodically uninvolved and easily omitted; this feature, combined with the fact that the number decisively closes the scene, made easy extraction as an orchestral concerto piece possible.

37. Pictures at an Exhibition

A suite of ten pieces (plus a recurring, varied Promenade) composed for the piano by Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky in 1874. The suite is Mussorgsky’s most famous piano composition and has become a showpiece for virtuoso pianists. It has become further known through various orchestrations and arrangements produced by other musicians and composers, with Maurice Ravel’s arrangement being the most recorded and performed.

38. Polovstian Dances

They form an exotic scene at the end of Act II of Alexander Borodin’s opera Prince Igor. The work remained unfinished when the composer died in 1887, although he had worked on it for more than a decade. A performing version was prepared by Nikolai Rinsky-Korsakov and Alexander Glazunov, appearing in 1890. Several other versions, or “completions,” of the opera have been made. Tha dances are performed with chorus and last between 11 and 14 minutes. They occur in Act I or Act II, depending on which version of the opera is being used. Their music is popular and sometimes given in concert as an orchestral showpiece. At such performances the choral parts are often omitted.

39. Pyotr Tchaikovsky

This composer was born on May 7, 1840, in Vyatka, Russia. His work was first publicly performed in 1865. In 1868, his First Symphony was well-received. In 1874, he established himself with Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-flat Minor. He resigned from the Moscow Conservatory in 1878, and spent the rest of his career composing yet more prolifically. He died in St. Petersburg on November 6, 1893. He was not considered part of the Russian Five because his work was considered far too Western. However, that may make his works much more famous in America than those composers. His works include the ballets Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, and The Nutcracker; the opera Eugene Onegin and The 1812 Overture.

40. Post-Impressionism

A predominantly French art movement that developed roughly between 1886 and 1905, from the last Impressionist exhibition to the birth of Fauvism. It emerged as a reaction against Impressionists’ concern for the naturalistic depiction of light and color. They extended Impressionism while rejecting its limitations: they continued using vivid colors, often think application of paint, and real-life subject matter, but were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, distort form for expressive effect, and use unnatural or arbitrary color. The biggest names in this movement were Paul Cezanne, Georges Seurat, Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gaughin and Henri de Toulouse Lautrec.

41. Paul Cezanne

The work of this Post-Impressionist French painter, born in 1839, can be said to have formed the bridge between late 19th century Impressionism and the early 20th century’s new line of artistic inquiry, Cubism. The mastery of design, tone, composition and color that spans his life’s work is highly characteristic and now recognizable around the world. Both Henri Matisse and Pable Picasso were greatly influenced by him.. His is most known for painting Mon Sainte-Victoire hundreds of times, from many different angles, and trying to make it where you could see all angles of the mountain at the same time, almost as if you peeled the mountain and laid it out flat.

42. Vincent Van Gogh
        
He was born on March 30, 1853 in the Netherlands. He was a Post-Impressionist painter whose work was notable for its beauty, emotion and color, and became highly influential on 20th century art. He struggled with mental illness, even cutting off a piece of his ear and mailing it to a girl he liked. He remained poor and virtually unknown throughout his life. He died in Franch on July 29, 1890, at age 37, from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. His paintings like Starry Night, The Potato Eaters, Sunflowers, The Portrait of Dr. Gachet and Irises, have become some of the best known works in the world.

43. Starry Night

An oil canvas by the Dutch Post-Impressionist painter Vincent Van Gogh. Painted in June 1889, it depicts the view from the east-facing window of his asylum room at Saint-Remy-de-Provence, just before sunrise, with the addition of an idealized village. It has been in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City since 1941, acquired through the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest. It is regarded as among Van Gogh’s finest works, and is one of the most recognized paintings in the history of Western culture.

44. Georges Seurat

This artist was born on Dec. 2, 1859, in Paris, France. After training at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, he broke free of tradition. Taking his technique beyond Impressionism, he painted with small strokes of pure color that seem to blend when viewed from a distance. This method, called Poitillism, is showcased in major works of the 1880s such as A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte. His career was cut short when he died of illness on March 29, 1891, in Paris.

45. A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

Painted in 1884, it is one of Georges Seurat;s most famous works, and is an example of Pointillism. It is currently in Chicago and is even featured in the movie Ferris Bueller’s Day Off. Seurat depicted people relaxing in a suburban park on an island in the Seine River called La Grande Jatte. The artist worked on the painting in several campaigns, beginning in 1884 with a layer of small horizontal brushstrokes of complementary colors. He later added small dots, also in complementary colors, that appear as solid and luminous forms when seen from a distance.

46. Sunday in the Park with George

A musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by James Lapine. The musical was inspired by the painting A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat. A complex work revolving around a fictionalized Seurat immersed in single-minded concentration while painting his masterpiece and the people in that picture. The Broadway production opened in 1984. The musical won the 1985 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and two Tony Awards for design. The show opened Off-Broadway at Playwrights Horizons, starring Mandy Patinkin and Bernadette Peters in July 1983 and ran for 25 performances.
    
47. Paul Gaughin

French Post-Impressionist artist who was an importantant figure in the Symbolist art movement of the early 1900s. His use of bold colors, exaggerated body proportions and stark contrasts in his paintings set him apart from his contemporaries, helping to pave the way for the Primitivism art movement. He often sought exotic environments and spent time living and painting in Tahiti. He also had a turbulent friendship with Vincent Van Gogh, which is partially featured in the movie Lust for Life, where Anthony Quinn won a Best Supporting Actor Oscar for playing him in 1956.

48. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

Born on November 24, 1864, in Albi, France, he pursued painting as a youth and went on to create innovations in lithograph drawing. He became highly famed for his posters, influenced by Japanese styles and Impressionist Edgar Degas, and for imbuing marginalized populations with humanity in his art, including sex workers, as seen in his 1896 print series Elles. Other notable works include At the Moulin Rouge and The Streetwalker. At age 13, he fractured his right femur. At age 14, he fractured his left. The breaks did not heal properly. Modern physicians attribute this to an unknown genetic disorder. Afterwards, his legs ceased to grow, so that as an adult he was extremely short, about 4'8. He developed an adult-sized torso, while retaining his child-sized legs. Consumed by heavy drinking and suffering from various illnesses, he died on September 9, 1901, at the age of 36.